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Gigi meyer john tyler community college
Gigi meyer john tyler community college













gigi meyer john tyler community college

Thus, continued advances in synthetic biology will depend on coordinated and paralleled advances within a diverse realm of disciplines. Synthetic biology is a highly interdisciplinary field of research that integrates information and tools gained from basic research, technology development, and computational modeling. This recent research highlights the utility of synthetic biology approaches in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Moving beyond programming autonomous circuits in single cells, several research groups have recently made advances in the programming of synthetic intercellular communications to generate multicellular structures and organoids ( 13, 14). This precise control has enabled the construction of multilayered gene circuits with higher-order functions in mammalian cells ( 11, 12). The CRISPR/Cas9 system in particular has served as the basis for the development of tools enabling programmable and site-specific control of chromatin and transcriptional states ( 8– 10).

gigi meyer john tyler community college

With the development of genome engineering tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9), researchers have begun to interrogate and control gene function and network dynamics ( 7). Consequently, synthetic biology efforts in mammalian cells require a set of precise and scalable tools to characterize and control gene expression and function. Mammalian cell gene networks are highly complex and involve regulation on the transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels. To date, this research has been successful in programming diverse cellular behaviors for applications in basic research, industry, and medicine ( 5, 6).Īs applications in synthetic biology advance into mammalian host organisms, the suite of genetic modules that form the basis of circuit architecture must evolve to adapt to the complex hierarchical regulation that governs cell phenotype. Inspired by these early successes, synthetic biologists have made significant progress in developing a wide range of modular genetic parts with standardized design and connectivity principles to streamline the construction of novel circuits with greater complexity. Initial research demonstrated that gene circuits could be built to execute precise functions and recapitulate patterns of natural biological systems, including oscillating gene expression networks, multistate toggle switches, logic computation, and intercellular signaling networks ( 1– 4). Due to their robustness and low complexity, prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic host organisms served as the first platforms for building synthetic gene networks. By deconstructing natural genetic circuits that have been refined by evolution and reconstructing them from modular components, synthetic biologists can gain insight into the structure–function relationship of natural biological systems and use this information to build systems with novel activity ( 1). A genetic circuit is a combination of biological parts that together execute a defined function within a host organism. Synthetic biology aims to create new biological functions through the design and controlled assembly of genetic circuits. This review summarizes the development of these enabling technologies and their application to transforming mammalian synthetic biology into a distinct field in research and medicine. Recent progress in the development of genome and epigenome editing tools and in the engineering of designer cells with programmable genetic circuits is expanding approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease and to establish personalized theranostic strategies for next-generation medicines. These tools have been critical for the expansion of synthetic biology techniques from prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic hosts to mammalian systems. The invention of new research tools, including targetable DNA-binding systems such as CRISPR/Cas9 and sensor-actuator devices that can recognize and respond to diverse chemical, mechanical, and optical inputs, has enabled precise control of complex cellular behaviors at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Continued improvements in the capacity to sequence and synthesize DNA have rapidly increased our understanding of mechanisms of gene function and regulation on a genome-wide scale and have expanded the set of genetic components available for programming cell biology. The programming of new functions into mammalian cells has tremendous application in research and medicine.















Gigi meyer john tyler community college